The paradigm shelf · रूपावली · sheet one of six
The a-stems
The two commonest patterns in the language. Learn these and half of Sanskrit opens.
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Neuter words say the same thing whether they act or are acted on — the first two rows of फल are identical, always.
The paradigm shelf · sheet two of six
The ā-stem and the i-stem
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The ā-stem is the word without its final ā — माला is माल + ा. In the i-stem, watch the doer-plural: कवयः, because i turns into य when a vowel follows.
The paradigm shelf · sheet three of six
The ī-stem and the u-stem
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गुरवे — to the teacher — is the form you meet in every namaḥ. Note रामेण but देवेन, गुरुणा but भानुना: an न becomes ण when र, ऋ or ष stands earlier in the word with nothing hard between them.
The paradigm shelf · sheet four of six
The family words, and the king
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पिता is the doer's form and carries no visarga at all. Agent nouns in -तृ (कर्ता, दाता) follow the same pattern but lengthen: कर्तारम्. राजन् loses its न in the doer's form and shortens to राज्ञः, राज्ञा in verse.
The paradigm shelf · sheet five of six
The s-stem, and what each case answers
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The question each case answers
मनः is मनस् with its final s turned to a breath; the s comes back the moment a vowel follows — मनसा, मनसि. Every -अस् word behaves this way: तेजस्, यशस्, वचस्.
The paradigm shelf · sheet six of six
The verbs
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The ten classes — third person, present
One verb, five times — third person singular
Class seven gives only its third person here: the middle rows reshape the root in ways this sheet will not assert without a printed source. Meet the whole family, spoken, at Paradigms.dc.html — and the roots behind them at Root Trees.